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These days the most accepted item in furniture is couch. Every modern home have couch. It may be simple couch or sectional couch but they provide the touch of modernity and sophistication in home. Even ordinary space in the house seems to be beautiful when properly arranged with well-designed couch.
There are lots of varieties of sectional couch. But these days the most popular trend amongst people is leather couch. This is the world of style; so contemporary living requires some amount of flair and stylishness. For them the best option above all is stylish leather couch. When question of color comes in leather couch, the most exquisite color among all is black leather couch.
Why Should You Use Black Couch?
Why black color? This could be the question rise in everybody’s mind. Well, there are many benefits of this black colored couch. They are soft and feel good when touched. Usually, a black colored couch will look more fascinating as well. At the same time, you will be happy to know that a black couch will require low maintenance, which will provide better outfit as well. It is a fact that black is a color that able to suit any theme or ambience. Black color enhances the look of your house. It is easy to clean such couches as well. Using a simple wet cloth can clean them. You just need to wipe the entire couch with the help of a simple cotton cloth. This is the reason why they are so much preferred by people from different parts of the world.
Best advantage of black couch is that, it is long lasting and durable. With the black color your make your room look even trendier as it suits with any color.
You should know that a relaxing environment in the room would make difference. You just need to organize your room ambience that will create a fantastic environment. Depending upon the type of room, you should plan for the ambience.
Of course, the combination of relaxation and beauty is offered by black couch. It is one of the best-colored couches, which is easily available in the market.
If you are the owner of the black couch and looking the ways to decorate it then you will get many options. It is true that decorating a black couch is not a difficult task to accomplish. Without decorating, a black leather couch will give a unique and fascinating look. If you are able to find a best quality black leather couch then you will be able to decorate your house in a better way. You will come across many people who would prefer to decorate their room with the assistance of black leather couch. It is advisable to purchase a leather couch, which contains neutral color. Normally, black is considered as a neutral color, when it comes to leather couch.
These days the most accepted item in furniture is couch. Every modern home have couch. It may be simple couch or sectional couch but they provide the touch of modernity and znak towarowy sophistication in home. Even ordinary space in the house seems to be beautiful when properly arranged with well-designed couch.
There are lots of varieties of sectional couch. But these days the most popular trend amongst people is leather couch. This is the world of style; so contemporary living requires some amount of flair and stylishness. For them the best option above all is stylish leather couch. When question of color comes in leather couch, the most exquisite color among all is black leather couch.
Why Should You Use Black Couch?
Why black color? This could be the question rise in everybody’s mind. Well, there are many benefits of this black colored couch. They are soft and feel good when touched. Usually, a black colored couch will look more fascinating as well. At the same time, you will be happy to know that a black couch will require low maintenance, which will provide better outfit as well. It is a fact that black is a color that able to suit any theme or ambience. Black color enhances the look of your house. It is easy to clean such couches as well. Using a simple wet cloth can clean them. You just need to wipe the entire couch with the help of a simple cotton cloth. This is the reason why they are so much preferred by people from different parts of the world.
Best advantage of black couch is that, it is long lasting and durable. With the black color your make your room look even trendier as it suits with any color.
You should know that a relaxing environment in the room would make difference. You just need to organize your room ambience that will create a fantastic environment. Depending upon the type of room, you should plan for the ambience.
Of course, the combination of relaxation and beauty is offered by black couch. It is one of the best-colored couches, which is easily available in the market.
If you are the owner of the black couch and looking the ways to decorate it then you will get many options. It is true that decorating a black couch is not a difficult task to accomplish. Without decorating, a black leather couch will give a unique and fascinating look. If you are able to find a best quality black leather couch then you will be able to decorate your house in a better way. You will come across many people who would prefer to decorate their room with the assistance of black leather couch. It is advisable to purchase a leather couch, which contains neutral color. Normally, black is considered as a neutral color, when it comes to leather couch.

Christmas is about to arrive and you are eager to send them out to your close friends and relatives. Only to find yourselves frustrated with those commercial Christmas cards with cheap printed paper and majority of them having common greetings lines which you find flooded over the Internet and book stores, which you are fed up of as you can’t find any of those which inspire you to share with your loved ones in this joyful Christmas season.
Well, you don’t have to worry or feeling frustrated no more because of this, as Microsoft PowerPoint software allows anyone to make their own personalized multi-media Christmas card which is surely one of its kinds in this world which no one can get elsewhere.
Basically, PowerPoint enables one to add their own selected music, videos or photos to the electronic Christmas card to enhance the compelling effect to the card itself, along with your personalized messages and warm greetings for the festive season. This electronic card which you have created using MS PowerPoint can be reused for multiple times in the future as long as you have saved it as a template in your computer hard drive.
Below are some key tips on how to create your Christmas card with PowerPoint through some simple steps:
1. Create a new PowerPoint presentation for the Christmas card and name it as Creation A.
2. Then proceed to the Format menu, click on Slide Layout, and choose the blank layout from the options provided.
3. Create your Christmas card cover by choosing your preferred picture from clip Art, or if you have any background picture that you would like to be used as the Christmas card cover. If you are going with the former, click on clip Art, in the clip Art task pane, enter the keyword: Christmas in the Subject text box.
4. A list of images which are related to Christmas such as Christmas trees, Christmas greetings, the celebrations spirits, snow-flakes, Santa Clause, and many more. Double click on the image of your choice and the image will be appearing on a blank slide.
5. If you decide to use your own picture from your local drive, click on picture on the format menu, and drag out the picture of your choice onto the blank slide. Perform the necessary formatting of your picture by adjusting on its size tab, change the height to 5 or 6 and click OK.
6. Next, you would proceed to add in a movie or video clip to enhance your personalized Christmas card.
7. Find „Movies and sounds” from the Insert menu, and input the video from your local computer which it will then be appearing on the blank slide.
8. Format your picture by selecting on the size tab, change the height of the picture to 3, and click OK.
9. Now, it comes to your text message for the Christmas card.
10. On the Insert menu, click on Text Box, click & drag the text box to where you wish to print your messages and greeting on. Once it is done, format the text accordingly.
11. Last but not least, one of the beauties for using Microsoft PowerPoint to create your own personalized greeting cards is to add in the music or sound track of your choice for your Christmas card which you would never get elsewhere. Select the option of playing the music automatically whenever the greeting card is open. Adjust the sound icon to a minimum size and place it on the bottom of the slide.
12. Finally, save this Christmas card as PowerPoint template (*.potx) template in your local computer for reuse in the future.
13. You may now zipped and email the multi-media card which you have created all by your own to your loved one, family and close friends. They will surely be delighted to receive this extra-ordinary Christmas card which you have created yourself with all these efforts.
Christmas is about to arrive and you are eager to send them out to your close friends and relatives. Only to find yourselves frustrated with those commercial Christmas cards with cheap printed paper and majority of them having common greetings lines which you find flooded over the Internet and book stores, which you are fed up of as you can’t find any of those which inspire you to share with your loved ones in this joyful Christmas season.
Well, you don’t have to worry or feeling frustrated no more because of this, as Microsoft PowerPoint software franczyza allows anyone to make their own personalized multi-media Christmas card which is surely one of its kinds in this world which no one can get elsewhere.
Basically, PowerPoint enables one to add their own selected music, videos or photos to the electronic Christmas card to enhance the compelling effect to the card itself, along with your personalized messages and warm greetings for the festive season. This electronic card which you have created using MS PowerPoint can be reused for multiple times in the future as long as you have saved it as a template in your computer hard drive.
Below are some key tips on how to create your Christmas card with PowerPoint through some simple steps:
1. Create a new PowerPoint presentation for the Christmas card and name it as Creation A.
2. Then proceed to the Format menu, click on Slide Layout, and choose the blank layout from the options provided.
3. Create your Christmas card cover by choosing your preferred picture from clip Art, or if you have any background picture that you would like to be used as the Christmas card cover. If you are going with the former, click on clip Art, in the clip Art task pane, enter the keyword: Christmas in the Subject text box.
4. A list of images which are related to Christmas such as Christmas trees, Christmas greetings, the celebrations spirits, snow-flakes, Santa Clause, and many more. Double click on the image of your choice and the image will be appearing on a blank slide.
5. If you decide to use your own picture from your local drive, click on picture on the format menu, and drag out the picture of your choice onto the blank slide. Perform the necessary formatting of your picture by adjusting on its size tab, change the height to 5 or 6 and click OK.
6. Next, you would proceed to add in a movie or video clip to enhance your personalized Christmas card.
7. Find „Movies and sounds” from the Insert menu, and input the video from your local computer which it will then be appearing on the blank slide.
8. Format your picture by selecting on the size tab, change the height of the picture to 3, and click OK.
9. Now, it comes to your text message for the Christmas card.
10. On the Insert menu, click on Text Box, click & drag the text box to where you wish to print your messages and greeting on. Once it is done, format the text accordingly.
11. Last but not least, one of the beauties for using Microsoft PowerPoint to create your own personalized greeting cards is to add in the music or sound track of your choice for your Christmas card which you would never get elsewhere. Select the option of playing the music automatically whenever the greeting card is open. Adjust the sound icon to a minimum size and place it on the bottom of the slide.
12. Finally, save this Christmas card as PowerPoint template (*.potx) template in your local computer for reuse in the future.
13. You may now zipped and email the multi-media card which you have created all by your own to your loved one, family and close friends. They will surely be delighted to receive this extra-ordinary Christmas card which you have created yourself with all these efforts.

I have always felt that quarterbacks were undervalued in fantasy football. In most scoring formats, they put up more points than any other position (yes, including the vaunted running backs). However, most people tend to dismiss quarterbacks as not worthy of a high pick because they all put up around the same amount of points. I feel that the point differences between a top and mid-level quarterback and a top and mid-level running back are about the same.
In a standard Yahoo fantasy league, I’m going to look at the difference in fantasy points between the top ranked QB and RB and the 10th ranked QB and RB. The top ranked QB was Peyton Manning, with 356 points, and 10th was Aaron Brooks with 187 points, a 169 point gap. The top ranked RB was Shaun Alexander, with 194 points, and the 10th ranked RB was Willis McGahee with only 127 points. The point spread here is only 67 points. Because leagues usually have 2 runners and only 1 quarterback, ill compare Alexander to the 20th ranked runner, Thomas Jones, who had 97 points. Between first and 20th, there is a 97 point gap.
In addition to having a far lower point spread, the running backs amass far fewer total points. The top RB, Shaun Alexander, only has 7 more points than the 10th QB, Aaron Brooks. The only reason running backs are ranked so much higher than quarterbacks is because, for no real reason, people tend to snap up running backs early. If you don’t pick a back early, you will be stuck with a Warrick Dunn or a Brian Westbrook, who, while still good, are much worse than the top backs.
Most every QB had a career season last year, which can be attributed to the new pass interference rules. So bear in mind that next year, after defensive backs and referees adjust to the new rules, QB numbers overall may go down.
The 2005 season QB rankings:
1. Peyton Manning: He threw for 4500 yards and 49 touchdowns last year, so he should be your top overall pick, not just the top QB. I don’t think he will get 49 touchdowns again, as his previous career high was 29. But he should still get over 40 touchdowns with similar yardage numbers.
2. Daunte Culpepper: This guy should be a first-rounder. His season garnered almost no media attention, but he had one of the best seasons ever for a quarterback, setting an all-time record for combined yardage. He had 41 combined touchdowns and threw/ran for 5100 yards. In fact, in leagues that emphasize yardage, he could be more valuable than Peyton Manning. Similarly to Peyton Manning, his record-setting season came out of nowhere; his previous career highs were 4400 combined yards and 33 touchdowns. I personally believe that he will do just fine without Randy Moss (I think that Daunte benefited Moss’s numbers more than Moss helped his). Nate Burleson is a fine #1 receiver, and expect something around 35 touchdowns and 4600 combined yards out of him.
3. Donovan McNabb: T.O. and Westbrook have ended their holdouts, and McNabb looks poised to put up similar numbers to last season. Expect over 3500 yards and 30 touchdowns.
4. Trent Green: He tends to get overlooked, but he has been more than solid for several years despite having no wide receivers at all. If Eddie Kennison can repeat last year, and if Marc Boerigter, a touchdown machine, can play well coming off an injury, he will be solid. Samie Parker could also play a big role in the Chiefs offense. I’m going to say he gets 4000 yards and 25 touchdowns.
5. Jake Delhomme: He is a very good quarterback, and with the return of Steve Smith, Stephen Davis, Deshaun Foster, and the rest of the team from injury, he should have an opportunity to improve his numbers from last year. The emergence of Keary Colbert last year was a pleasant surprise, and his continued development will take attention away from Steve Smith and open up the passing game. Expect 28+ touchdowns and 3600 yards out of him.
6. Drew Brees : His season did literally come out of nowhere, but he had 3150 yards and 29 touchdowns, and with Reche Caldwell and Keenan McCardell back from injury, he might even do better. Having Antonio Gates back from his holdout also helps his value. He should get 30 touchdowns and 3300 yards.
7. Tom Brady: Tom Brady is a solid starter, usually notching around 25 touchdowns and 3700 yards every year. The Patriots lost David Patten this offseason, but with the way they spread the ball around he shouldn’t be a factor. They regain Ben Watson, and they signed a boatload of receivers, including Tim Dwight and David Terrell. Deion Branch and David Givens are a very underrated top 2, and expect around 3800 yards and 25 touchdowns from Brady.
8. Marc Bulger: He has an amazingly talented group of wide receivers, headlined by Isaac Bruce and Torry Holt. He is also in an offensive system that is very pass-happy. I hear people saying his breakout year is going to come this year, but I don’t believe it. I say 4000 yards and 20 touchdowns.
9. Brett Favre: Not many people would but Favre this low, but the loss of both the starting guards(Wahle and Rivera) from last year’s o-line is troubling. The offensive success of this team stemmed in no small part from its stellar o-line, and Brett Favre will undoubtedly not get as much time in the pocket as he did last year. But its hard to bet against Favre, and I’m going to say he notches 3000 yards and around 22 touchdowns.
10. Jake Plummer : He throws way too many interceptions for people’s liking, but he does get the numbers. You may not want to get him in a league that heavily penalizes interceptions, but his last year stats of 4100 yards and 27 touchdowns are appealing in all other leagues. Last year was by far a career year for him, so I’m going to say he gets 3000 yards and 20 touchdowns.
I have always felt that quarterbacks were undervalued in fantasy football. In most scoring formats, they put up more points than any other position (yes, including the vaunted running backs). However, most people tend to dismiss quarterbacks as not worthy of a high pick because they all put up around the same amount of points. I feel that the point differences between a top and mid-level quarterback and a top and mid-level running back are about the same.
In a standard Yahoo fantasy league, I’m going to look at the difference in fantasy points between the top ranked QB and RB and the 10th ranked QB and RB. The top ranked QB was Peyton Manning, with 356 points, and 10th was Aaron Brooks with 187 points, a 169 point gap. The top ranked RB was Shaun Alexander, with 194 points, and the 10th ranked RB was Willis McGahee with only leasing 127 points. The point spread here is only 67 points. Because leagues usually have 2 runners and only 1 quarterback, ill compare Alexander to the 20th ranked runner, Thomas Jones, who had 97 points. Between first and 20th, there is a 97 point gap.
In addition to having a far lower point spread, the running backs amass far fewer total points. The top RB, Shaun Alexander, only has 7 more points than the 10th QB, Aaron Brooks. The only reason running backs are ranked so much higher than quarterbacks is because, for no real reason, people tend to snap up running backs early. If you don’t pick a back early, you will be stuck with a Warrick Dunn or a Brian Westbrook, who, while still good, are much worse than the top backs.
Most every QB had a career season last year, which can be attributed to the new pass interference rules. So bear in mind that next year, after defensive backs and referees adjust to the new rules, QB numbers overall may go down.
The 2005 season QB rankings:
1. Peyton Manning: He threw for 4500 yards and 49 touchdowns last year, so he should be your top overall pick, not just the top QB. I don’t think he will get 49 touchdowns again, as his previous career high was 29. But he should still get over 40 touchdowns with similar yardage numbers.
2. Daunte Culpepper: This guy should be a first-rounder. His season garnered almost no media attention, but he had one of the best seasons ever for a quarterback, setting an all-time record for combined yardage. He had 41 combined touchdowns and threw/ran for 5100 yards. In fact, in leagues that emphasize yardage, he could be more valuable than Peyton Manning. Similarly to Peyton Manning, his record-setting season came out of nowhere; his previous career highs were 4400 combined yards and 33 touchdowns. I personally believe that he will do just fine without Randy Moss (I think that Daunte benefited Moss’s numbers more than Moss helped his). Nate Burleson is a fine #1 receiver, and expect something around 35 touchdowns and 4600 combined yards out of him.
3. Donovan McNabb: T.O. and Westbrook have ended their holdouts, and McNabb looks poised to put up similar numbers to last season. Expect over 3500 yards and 30 touchdowns.
4. Trent Green: He tends to get overlooked, but he has been more than solid for several years despite having no wide receivers at all. If Eddie Kennison can repeat last year, and if Marc Boerigter, a touchdown machine, can play well coming off an injury, he will be solid. Samie Parker could also play a big role in the Chiefs offense. I’m going to say he gets 4000 yards and 25 touchdowns.
5. Jake Delhomme: He is a very good quarterback, and with the return of Steve Smith, Stephen Davis, Deshaun Foster, and the rest of the team from injury, he should have an opportunity to improve his numbers from last year. The emergence of Keary Colbert last year was a pleasant surprise, and his continued development will take attention away from Steve Smith and open up the passing game. Expect 28+ touchdowns and 3600 yards out of him.
6. Drew Brees : His season did literally come out of nowhere, but he had 3150 yards and 29 touchdowns, and with Reche Caldwell and Keenan McCardell back from injury, he might even do better. Having Antonio Gates back from his holdout also helps his value. He should get 30 touchdowns and 3300 yards.
7. Tom Brady: Tom Brady is a solid starter, usually notching around 25 touchdowns and 3700 yards every year. The Patriots lost David Patten this offseason, but with the way they spread the ball around he shouldn’t be a factor. They regain Ben Watson, and they signed a boatload of receivers, including Tim Dwight and David Terrell. Deion Branch and David Givens are a very underrated top 2, and expect around 3800 yards and 25 touchdowns from Brady.
8. Marc Bulger: He has an amazingly talented group of wide receivers, headlined by Isaac Bruce and Torry Holt. He is also in an offensive system that is very pass-happy. I hear people saying his breakout year is going to come this year, but I don’t believe it. I say 4000 yards and 20 touchdowns.
9. Brett Favre: Not many people would but Favre this low, but the loss of both the starting guards(Wahle and Rivera) from last year’s o-line is troubling. The offensive success of this team stemmed in no small part from its stellar o-line, and Brett Favre will undoubtedly not get as much time in the pocket as he did last year. But its hard to bet against Favre, and I’m going to say he notches 3000 yards and around 22 touchdowns.
10. Jake Plummer : He throws way too many interceptions for people’s liking, but he does get the numbers. You may not want to get him in a league that heavily penalizes interceptions, but his last year stats of 4100 yards and 27 touchdowns are appealing in all other leagues. Last year was by far a career year for him, so I’m going to say he gets 3000 yards and 20 touchdowns.

Dancing Through the Snow
by Jean Little
Scholastic, 2007
Min has spent her short life living with a string of different foster families. With mere weeks left until Christmas, Min’s current foster mother, Enid, drags her to the Children’s Aide office demanding that they take her back. Overhearing Enid’s indiscreet demands, Min’s doctor, Jessica Hart, takes Min home with her. Min’s luck changes instantly. One minute she’s about to be abandoned for the holidays, and the next she is being welcomed into the home of the nicest person she has ever met. While living with Doctor Hart, Min takes on her own charity case-a stray dog she finds nearly frozen to death in a local barn. Unsure if the dog will survive, Min’s Christmas takes a nerve-racking and potentially devastating turn.
When Santa Fell to Earth
by Cornelia Funke
Scholastic, 2006
Ben and his schoolmates find a broken-down caravan near his house. They dare Ben to knock on the door and take a peek inside. At first, the man who answers the door seems normal. But it’s more than just a man traveling in this caravan-it’s teeming the magical holiday creatures, from angels to miniature (and fiesty) Christmas elves. Ben accepts an offer of hot chocolate and joins the man who calls himself Niklas Goodfellow in the caravan. Niklas tells Ben all about the catastrophe happening in the North Pole. Fueled by greed, an evil man named Goblynch has invaded the North Pole and convinced many of the Santa’s not to fulfill their annual duties. Only seven Santa’s, including Niklas, has dared to defy Goblynch. But their defiance comes at a price. Now the evil man is after Niklas. But with his caravan broken down and his invisible reindeer missing, his opportunity to escape before it’s too late is diminishing.
Peiling and the Chicken-fried Christmas
by Pauline Chen
Bloomsbury, 2007
For Peiling, being Taiwanese in America is the worst at Christmas. Not because she hates the holiday. In fact, it’s just the opposite. Her family doesn’t celebrate Christmas or any other American holiday. Her parents are set in their ways, and refuse to budge even so their daughter can grow up with all the benefits of American life. But this year, Peiling decides things are going to change. She’s going to do everything in her power to convince her father to celebrate Christmas.
Dancing Through the Snow
by Jean Little
Scholastic, 2007
Min has spent her short life living with a string of different foster families. With mere weeks left until Christmas, Min’s current foster mother, Enid, drags her to the Children’s Aide office demanding that they take her back. Overhearing Enid’s indiscreet demands, Min’s doctor, Jessica Hart, takes Min home with her. Min’s luck changes instantly. One minute she’s about to be abandoned for the holidays, and the sex ogłoszenia next she is being welcomed into the home of the nicest person she has ever met. While living with Doctor Hart, Min takes on her own charity case-a stray dog she finds nearly frozen to death in a local barn. Unsure if the dog will survive, Min’s Christmas takes a nerve-racking and potentially devastating turn.
When Santa Fell to Earth
by Cornelia Funke
Scholastic, 2006
Ben and his schoolmates find a broken-down caravan near his house. They dare Ben to knock on the door and take a peek inside. At first, the man who answers the door seems normal. But it’s more than just a man traveling in this caravan-it’s teeming the magical holiday creatures, from angels to miniature (and fiesty) Christmas elves. Ben accepts an offer of hot chocolate and joins the man who calls himself Niklas Goodfellow in the caravan. Niklas tells Ben all about the catastrophe happening in the North Pole. Fueled by greed, an evil man named Goblynch has invaded the North Pole and convinced many of the Santa’s not to fulfill their annual duties. Only seven Santa’s, including Niklas, has dared to defy Goblynch. But their defiance comes at a price. Now the evil man is after Niklas. But with his caravan broken down and his invisible reindeer missing, his opportunity to escape before it’s too late is diminishing.
Peiling and the Chicken-fried Christmas
by Pauline Chen
Bloomsbury, 2007
For Peiling, being Taiwanese in America is the worst at Christmas. Not because she hates the holiday. In fact, it’s just the opposite. Her family doesn’t celebrate Christmas or any other American holiday. Her parents are set in their ways, and refuse to budge even so their daughter can grow up with all the benefits of American life. But this year, Peiling decides things are going to change. She’s going to do everything in her power to convince her father to celebrate Christmas.

Plastic is a substance which is becoming more and more common in our society each day. It is inexpensive to produce, easy to mold into virtually any form, can be hard or soft and offers an impressive lifespan. While plastic offers many benefits it is our inability as a society to effectively recycle plastic combined with its high environmental cost that make it so dangerous.
I Thought We Recycled All Our Used Plastic
While the annual plastic resin production in the United States has been on the rise since the 1970s, in the past 20 years plastic production has doubled, only 3 to 5 percent of plastics are actually recycled. According to a recent best Life Magazine article, we can expect yearly plastic resin production in the United States to reach 120 billion lbs by 2010.
The Problem With Recycling Plastic
While there are seven different types, one being „other,” of plastic that are commonly used – only two have much of a secondary life. At least PET, commonly used in soda bottles, and HDPE, commonly used in milk jugs, offer some sort of real recyclable value.
Doesn’t Plastic Eventually Biodegrade?
The short answer is – „No.” Unlike many other materials plastic does not biodegrade – instead it photodegrades. When plastic photodegrades it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces of plastic instead of splitting into simpler compounds. In our oceans the small bits of plastic created through photodegradation are actually called mermaid tears or nurdles.
Managing our Plastic Addiction
With new plastic being churned out at an estimated rate of 328 million lbs a day by 2010 – it seems like an overwhelming addiction. How do we manage this addiction? By reducing our usage of plastic and by recycling and reusing the plastic we already have. As consumers we can actively chose products in paper and glass packaging and we can choose not to purchase over-packaged items – this in turn will force manufacturers to make changes.
Understanding Recycling Symbols
Recycling symbols can be separated into two groups; „recycled” and „recyclable.” The use of „recycled” and „recyclable” are both governed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC provides guidelines for their use in the document „Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims.”

http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guides980427.htm

While the FTC governs these standards in the United States, on an international level the standards are defined in the ISO 14021: Environmental Labels and Declarations-Self-declared Environmental Claims. You can find the ISO standard here:

http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm? csnumber=34425

Plastic recycling symbols were originally created in 1988 by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI). Like the FTC and ISO, SPI provides a guide for proper usage of the symbols.

[http://www.plasticsindustry.org/outreach/recycling/2124.htm]

In January 1995, thirty-nine US states adopted legislation requiring the use of the SPI number codes.
Recycled Plastic Symbols and Numbers
Plastic items that have been recycled will bear the recycled symbol on them. The symbol should be as close to the bottom center of the product as possible. Inside the symbol you should find a number which indicates what type of plastic it is. The following is a list of numbers and the types of plastic they indicate:

PET/PETE or Polyethylene Terephthalate. PET is a „thermoplastic polymer resin” and is commonly used in synthetic fibers, beverage, food and other liquid containers. PET is also used in both thermoforming applications and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is considered by some to be „one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers.”

HDPE or High-density Polyethylene. HDPE is a „polyethylene thermoplastic” made from petroleum. It takes 1.75 kilograms of petroleum in energy and raw materials to make one kilogram of HDPE. With peak petroleum production a reality in our lifetimes should we still be manufacturing new HDPE? Milk jugs are commonly made out of HDPE.

PVC/V Poly or Polyvinyl Chloride. PVC is a „thermoplastic polymer” and while it is traditionally thought of as a hard plastic it can be made softer and more flexible. PVC is widely used in construction as it is cheap, durable and easy to assemble. In the hard form PVC is used as vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, records, pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures. In soft form it is used in both clothing and upholstery Soft PVC can also be used to make flexible hoses and tubing, flooring, roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation.

LDPE – Low-density Polyethylene. LDPE is a „thermoplastic” made from oil. Similar to HDPE in our current environmental climate should we still be manufacturing new LDPE? LDPE is most commonly used for manufacturing containers. LDPE is used in dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. The most common use of LDPE is plastic bags.

PP – Polypropylene. PP is a „thermoplastic polymer” which is commonly used in packaging, textiles, stationery, plastic parts, lab equipment and loudspeakers . PP is also found in automotive components and polymer banknotes.

PS – Polystyrene. PS is an „thermoplastic” made from petroleum. In this way, PS is very similar to both HDTP and LDPE. While solid at room temperature PS, when heated PS melts only to return solid again once it cools. It’s this quality that makes it attractive for a variety of uses such as producing plastic model assembly kits, license plate frames, plastic cutlery, food containers and jewel cases for CDs.

Other. Which means the product is made up of plastic resins that are not in the initial six or is some unique combination of the initial six.
Recyclable Symbol
A plastic item that carries a recyclable symbol indicates it is recyclable. The more you properly recycle, the less waste that will end up in our landfills and oceans. Please properly recycle all plastic of this type.
Does Any Symbol Ensure Human Health?
While theses symbols allow you to quickly identify what type of plastic you are dealing with, and they also let you know if you can recycle it – they don’t cover any human health concerns.
For example, let’s consider PS or Polystrene which is used for human food containers and cutlery. What is the health effect for humans when the PS food containers leach chemicals into the food they are carrying through heat exchange? According to the EPA, „Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in mucous membrane and eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Chronic (long-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in effects on the central nervous system (CNS), such as headache, fatigue, weakness, and depression, CSN dysfunction, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. Human studies are inconclusive on the reproductive and developmental effects of styrene; several studies did not report an increase in developmental effects in women who worked in the plastics industry, while an increased frequency of spontaneous abortions and decreased frequency of births were reported in another study. Several epidemiologic studies suggest there may be an association between styrene exposure and an increased risk of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the evidence is inconclusive due to confounding factors. EPA has not given a formal carcinogen classification to styrene.”
Are All Plastics Bad?
While there is room for plastic in our world there isn’t room for our present plastic addiction. We are burning through natural resources, creating incredible waste and all the time neglecting to even properly recycle the plastic we’ve already created. Plastic isn’t our only option, depending upon the application, glass is a much greener alternative.
Working together we can actively reduce our plastic consumption and improve our recycling rates. Why waste our valuable natural resources on petroleum based plastics when we can recycle? We created this addiction to plastic together, and we need to work together to free ourselves from it. Remember by reducing, reusing and recycling you are doing your part to fight global warming.
Plastic is a substance which is becoming more and more common in our society each day. It is inexpensive to produce, easy to mold into virtually any form, can be hard or soft and offers an impressive lifespan. While plastic offers many benefits it is our inability as a society to effectively recycle plastic combined with its high environmental cost that make it so dangerous.
I Thought We Recycled All Our Used Plastic
While the annual plastic resin production in the United States has been on the rise since the 1970s, in the past 20 years plastic production has doubled, only 3 to 5 percent of plastics are actually recycled. According to a recent best Life Magazine article, we can expect yearly plastic resin production in the United States to reach 120 billion lbs by 2010.
The Problem With Recycling Plastic
While there are seven different types, one being „other,” of plastic that are commonly used – only two have much rzeczoznawca majątkowy of a secondary life. At least PET, commonly used in soda bottles, and HDPE, commonly used in milk jugs, offer some sort of real recyclable value.
Doesn’t Plastic Eventually Biodegrade?
The short answer is – „No.” Unlike many other materials plastic does not biodegrade – instead it photodegrades. When plastic photodegrades it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces of plastic instead of splitting into simpler compounds. In our oceans the small bits of plastic created through photodegradation are actually called mermaid tears or nurdles.
Managing our Plastic Addiction
With new plastic being churned out at an estimated rate of 328 million lbs a day by 2010 – it seems like an overwhelming addiction. How do we manage this addiction? By reducing our usage of plastic and by recycling and reusing the plastic we already have. As consumers we can actively chose products in paper and glass packaging and we can choose not to purchase over-packaged items – this in turn will force manufacturers to make changes.
Understanding Recycling Symbols
Recycling symbols can be separated into two groups; „recycled” and „recyclable.” The use of „recycled” and „recyclable” are both governed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC provides guidelines for their use in the document „Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims.”

http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guides980427.htm

While the FTC governs these standards in the United States, on an international level the standards are defined in the ISO 14021: Environmental Labels and Declarations-Self-declared Environmental Claims. You can find the ISO standard here:

http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm? csnumber=34425

Plastic recycling symbols were originally created in 1988 by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI). Like the FTC and ISO, SPI provides a guide for proper usage of the symbols.

[http://www.plasticsindustry.org/outreach/recycling/2124.htm]

In January 1995, thirty-nine US states adopted legislation requiring the use of the SPI number codes.
Recycled Plastic Symbols and Numbers
Plastic items that have been recycled will bear the recycled symbol on them. The symbol should be as close to the bottom center of the product as possible. Inside the symbol you should find a number which indicates what type of plastic it is. The following is a list of numbers and the types of plastic they indicate:

PET/PETE or Polyethylene Terephthalate. PET is a „thermoplastic polymer resin” and is commonly used in synthetic fibers, beverage, food and other liquid containers. PET is also used in both thermoforming applications and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is considered by some to be „one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers.”

HDPE or High-density Polyethylene. HDPE is a „polyethylene thermoplastic” made from petroleum. It takes 1.75 kilograms of petroleum in energy and raw materials to make one kilogram of HDPE. With peak petroleum production a reality in our lifetimes should we still be manufacturing new HDPE? Milk jugs are commonly made out of HDPE.

PVC/V Poly or Polyvinyl Chloride. PVC is a „thermoplastic polymer” and while it is traditionally thought of as a hard plastic it can be made softer and more flexible. PVC is widely used in construction as it is cheap, durable and easy to assemble. In the hard form PVC is used as vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, records, pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures. In soft form it is used in both clothing and upholstery Soft PVC can also be used to make flexible hoses and tubing, flooring, roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation.

LDPE – Low-density Polyethylene. LDPE is a „thermoplastic” made from oil. Similar to HDPE in our current environmental climate should we still be manufacturing new LDPE? LDPE is most commonly used for manufacturing containers. LDPE is used in dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. The most common use of LDPE is plastic bags.

PP – Polypropylene. PP is a „thermoplastic polymer” which is commonly used in packaging, textiles, stationery, plastic parts, lab equipment and loudspeakers . PP is also found in automotive components and polymer banknotes.

PS – Polystyrene. PS is an „thermoplastic” made from petroleum. In this way, PS is very similar to both HDTP and LDPE. While solid at room temperature PS, when heated PS melts only to return solid again once it cools. It’s this quality that makes it attractive for a variety of uses such as producing plastic model assembly kits, license plate frames, plastic cutlery, food containers and jewel cases for CDs.

Other. Which means the product is made up of plastic resins that are not in the initial six or is some unique combination of the initial six.
Recyclable Symbol
A plastic item that carries a recyclable symbol indicates it is recyclable. The more you properly recycle, the less waste that will end up in our landfills and oceans. Please properly recycle all plastic of this type.
Does Any Symbol Ensure Human Health?
While theses symbols allow you to quickly identify what type of plastic you are dealing with, and they also let you know if you can recycle it – they don’t cover any human health concerns.
For example, let’s consider PS or Polystrene which is used for human food containers and cutlery. What is the health effect for humans when the PS food containers leach chemicals into the food they are carrying through heat exchange? According to the EPA, „Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in mucous membrane and eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Chronic (long-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in effects on the central nervous system (CNS), such as headache, fatigue, weakness, and depression, CSN dysfunction, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. Human studies are inconclusive on the reproductive and developmental effects of styrene; several studies did not report an increase in developmental effects in women who worked in the plastics industry, while an increased frequency of spontaneous abortions and decreased frequency of births were reported in another study. Several epidemiologic studies suggest there may be an association between styrene exposure and an increased risk of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the evidence is inconclusive due to confounding factors. EPA has not given a formal carcinogen classification to styrene.”
Are All Plastics Bad?
While there is room for plastic in our world there isn’t room for our present plastic addiction. We are burning through natural resources, creating incredible waste and all the time neglecting to even properly recycle the plastic we’ve already created. Plastic isn’t our only option, depending upon the application, glass is a much greener alternative.
Working together we can actively reduce our plastic consumption and improve our recycling rates. Why waste our valuable natural resources on petroleum based plastics when we can recycle? We created this addiction to plastic together, and we need to work together to free ourselves from it. Remember by reducing, reusing and recycling you are doing your part to fight global warming.

You might have found out that there is an anti-virus program named Windows Defender, which is a part of the operating system that mainly aims to protect your computer by detecting or scanning spyware and malware, has been taking up the resources in your PC. In fact, most PC users prefer to install more versatile and stronger security software like Kaspersky or McAfee, so it’s just a waste of system resources of using two similar programs at the same time, thus removing or disabling Windows Defender would be a wise choose to boost your PC performance.
The removal of Windows Defender is different between Windows XP and Windows Vista. Since it is not an integral component but a program under Windows XP, it could be removed easily in the control panel. To uninstall, you should run Control Panel, click Add/Remove Programs and then remove it from the program list. The whole process can be finished in a few clicks.
Under the Windows Vista however, this program is system-in-build that no clear-cut way can be used to uninstall, thus instead of remove it we recommend you to disable it.
1. Turn off real-time protection in Windows Defender interface. Then you will receive a notification saying the program is turned off.
2. Prevent it from starting up by uncheck it in „Startup” Item
However, as the disable completed, alerts would pop up regularly and constantly reminding you that your computer might be at risk. You don’t have to be panic about the alerts if you have installed another anti-virus program.
You might have found out that there is an anti-virus program named Windows Defender, which is a part of the operating system that mainly aims to protect your computer by detecting or scanning spyware and malware, has been taking up the resources in your PC. In fact, most PC users prefer to install more versatile and stronger security software like Kaspersky or McAfee, so it’s just a waste of system resources of using two similar programs at the same time, thus removing or disabling Windows Defender would be a wise choose to boost your PC performance.
The removal of Windows Defender is different between Windows XP and Windows Vista. Since it is not an integral component but a program under Windows XP, it could be removed easily in the control panel. To uninstall, you should run Control Panel, click Add/Remove Programs and then remove it from kancelaria prawna Łódź the program list. The whole process can be finished in a few clicks.
Under the Windows Vista however, this program is system-in-build that no clear-cut way can be used to uninstall, thus instead of remove it we recommend you to disable it.
1. Turn off real-time protection in Windows Defender interface. Then you will receive a notification saying the program is turned off.
2. Prevent it from starting up by uncheck it in „Startup” Item
However, as the disable completed, alerts would pop up regularly and constantly reminding you that your computer might be at risk. You don’t have to be panic about the alerts if you have installed another anti-virus program.

There are a couple of things that you can do if you want to make better oral sex. However there is no need of any special skills to make that happen, all of the tips are really simple and you will have no troubles using them. Also if you want to find more information about tips for making better oral sex search the internet on all of the articles and other peoples opinion on that topic. Some of the things that you can do to make better oral sex are:
See how your partner is reacting on all of the things you do and decide when he is pleased. This way you will know what exactly your partner likes and you can continue making it.
Use your hands when making oral sex, because that is one of the most important things that will help you to make better oral sex.
Be very slow and careful, when you use your tongue, because that way you will be able to make your partner feel a lot more excited.
One of the most important things that you must know if you want to make better oral sex is that you must be gentle all the time.
Three big forms of the oral sex are: cunnilingus, and fellatio. Cunnilingus is an act of using lips & tongue for stimulating female genitals & especially clitoris that is a very sensitive part of the females sexual organs. Fellatio is an oral stimulation of penis and is generally performed by taking the penis head and part of a shaft in mouth. Caressing your testicles with tongue is as well very common during the fellatio. The oral stimulation can be helped by the hand stimulation of penis to increase pleasure & speed up your orgasm. The well-known variant of fellatio is „deep throat” & it focuses on taking entire penis in ones mouth. Here, head of your penis is been pushed down in the throat of a person who is performing fellatio.
And, lastly, anilingus is a method to stimulate an anus with lips or else by forcing your tongue in a sphincter muscle. Though lots of people believe that practice of the anilingus is been restricted to gay community, in fact, the people of all the sexual orientations practice it. Anus has nerve endings just like the genitalia that makes the oral stimulation arousing.
There are a couple of things that you can do if you want to make better oral sex. However there is no need of any special skills to make that happen, all of the tips are really simple and you will have no troubles using them. Also if you want to find more information about tips for making better oral sex search the internet on all of the articles and other peoples opinion on that topic. Some of the things that you can do to make better oral sex are:
See how your radca prawny partner is reacting on all of the things you do and decide when he is pleased. This way you will know what exactly your partner likes and you can continue making it.
Use your hands when making oral sex, because that is one of the most important things that will help you to make better oral sex.
Be very slow and careful, when you use your tongue, because that way you will be able to make your partner feel a lot more excited.
One of the most important things that you must know if you want to make better oral sex is that you must be gentle all the time.
Three big forms of the oral sex are: cunnilingus, and fellatio. Cunnilingus is an act of using lips & tongue for stimulating female genitals & especially clitoris that is a very sensitive part of the females sexual organs. Fellatio is an oral stimulation of penis and is generally performed by taking the penis head and part of a shaft in mouth. Caressing your testicles with tongue is as well very common during the fellatio. The oral stimulation can be helped by the hand stimulation of penis to increase pleasure & speed up your orgasm. The well-known variant of fellatio is „deep throat” & it focuses on taking entire penis in ones mouth. Here, head of your penis is been pushed down in the throat of a person who is performing fellatio.
And, lastly, anilingus is a method to stimulate an anus with lips or else by forcing your tongue in a sphincter muscle. Though lots of people believe that practice of the anilingus is been restricted to gay community, in fact, the people of all the sexual orientations practice it. Anus has nerve endings just like the genitalia that makes the oral stimulation arousing.

With the quality of workwear that designers offer clients today, people enjoy the spectacular and unique clothing that are available in the market. There is a wide range of workwear that workers can choose from owing to the growth of high quality clothing that will always give you a dazzling look.
Workwear clothing comes from top brands hence you will always have a wide array of workwear to choose from. A client will find workwear trousers which are made to give a unique and stunning appearance. The trousers are designed to give you the desired comfort and more so, flexibility in the workplace. You can pick workwear trousers with inbuilt knee pad that will give you extra protection. The trousers also have tool pockets where you can keep your tools and still look amazing in the workwear. Employees have a wide variety of workwear trousers to choose from including, snickers, dickies workwear trousers, black cargo trousers among others. The workwear trousers are also made from high quality materials such as cotton canvas and dura twill material that will give a professional and stunning look.
Workwear jackets are also given unique designs that will offer you comfort and safety while working. The work environment is always a busy and challenging environment hence the need to wear not only protective but professional workwear that will give you a stunning look. The jackets are waterproof made of high quality and durable materials to fit all work environments. The jackets can be worn during cold days and are comfortable because at times you may be required to work outdoors. With workwear jackets you can comfortably work outdoors without encountering any problem. The jackets are available in a variety of brands and also competitive prices. The jackets are uniquely designed to give you the flexibility to work comfortably in unique and professional attire. Furthermore, you can buy jackets with or without a hood depending on your favorite taste.
To complete the overall workwear outfit, you can buy workwear accessories, hand gloves, socks, fleece, coveralls and shorts. The workwear safety footwear is one workwear that is very essential for any worker. This is because the work environment may have many small broken glasses, metal and nails that may cause injury to your foot.
Footwear helps to prevent accidents that may befall you in the workplace. Such accidents may keep you away from job for several days; hence workwear footwear is designed to offer you safety while working. The footwear has steel toe caps that will enable you to walk comfortably and freely in the workplace without the fear of stepping on a nail and other worktools. They are available in a wide variety of brands and unique designs hence you can always choose the best preferred footwear. Apart from workwear clothing, you can always choose PPE and high visibility clothing.
Workwear has given many employees a sense of professionalism in their work which is always desired by many employers. Moreover, when you put on workwear you not only look professional but you also achieve a dazzling look.
With the quality of workwear that designers offer clients today, people enjoy the spectacular and unique clothing that are available in the market. There is a wide range of workwear that workers can choose from owing to the growth of high quality clothing that will always give you a dazzling look.
Workwear clothing comes from top brands hence you will always have a wide array of workwear to choose from. A client will find workwear trousers which are made to give a unique and stunning appearance. The trousers are designed to give you the desired comfort and more so, flexibility in the workplace. You can pick workwear trousers with inbuilt knee pad that will give you extra protection. The trousers also have tool pockets where you can keep your tools and still look amazing in the workwear. Employees have a wide variety of workwear trousers to choose from including, snickers, dickies workwear trousers, black cargo trousers among others. The workwear trousers are also made from high quality materials such as cotton canvas and dura twill material that will give a professional and stunning look.
Workwear jackets are also given unique designs that will offer you comfort and safety zabawki while working. The work environment is always a busy and challenging environment hence the need to wear not only protective but professional workwear that will give you a stunning look. The jackets are waterproof made of high quality and durable materials to fit all work environments. The jackets can be worn during cold days and are comfortable because at times you may be required to work outdoors. With workwear jackets you can comfortably work outdoors without encountering any problem. The jackets are available in a variety of brands and also competitive prices. The jackets are uniquely designed to give you the flexibility to work comfortably in unique and professional attire. Furthermore, you can buy jackets with or without a hood depending on your favorite taste.
To complete the overall workwear outfit, you can buy workwear accessories, hand gloves, socks, fleece, coveralls and shorts. The workwear safety footwear is one workwear that is very essential for any worker. This is because the work environment may have many small broken glasses, metal and nails that may cause injury to your foot.
Footwear helps to prevent accidents that may befall you in the workplace. Such accidents may keep you away from job for several days; hence workwear footwear is designed to offer you safety while working. The footwear has steel toe caps that will enable you to walk comfortably and freely in the workplace without the fear of stepping on a nail and other worktools. They are available in a wide variety of brands and unique designs hence you can always choose the best preferred footwear. Apart from workwear clothing, you can always choose PPE and high visibility clothing.
Workwear has given many employees a sense of professionalism in their work which is always desired by many employers. Moreover, when you put on workwear you not only look professional but you also achieve a dazzling look.

Dawkins devotes a section in The God Delusion to the Old Testament. However, there is little objective analysis and his musings are primarily a journey through a number of violent tales, including:
• The tale of Noah – God drowns the whole of mankind except one family and countless animals.• The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah – Lot offers his two daughters to the mob in Sodom rather than hand over two angels. Lot’s wife subsequently died (killed by God for turning around to watch the destruction of the city) and his two daughters who later slept with their father whilst he was drunk.• The story of the Levite – a Levite gives over his daughter to a mob to be sexually assaulted.• Various stories about Abraham – Abraham twice pretends his wife is his sister. Worse, he is prepared to sacrifice his son to God on God’s say-so.• Jephthah’s daughter – If God will deliver him victory in battle, Jephthah promises to sacrifice the first person who comes out to meet him upon his return home from the battle. This person turns out to be his daughter and, despite his grief, he fulfils his vow.• The slaughter of the Midianites – God incited Moses to attack and destroy the Midianites.• The many examples of God’s jealousy – God frequently warns the Israelites against worshipping false gods.• The book of Joshua – this includes a mass of bloodthirsty violence.• The story of wood-gatherer – a man is stoned for deliberately breaking the Sabbath.
Interspersed with these examples of brutality, Dawkins makes the following points:
• Theologians argue that much of the Bible is not taken literally any more. This says Dawkins is his point; we pick and choose what we want, therefore this is not an absolute morality.• Despite this, many people continue to take the Bible literally. Many Asian holy men blamed the 2004 tsunami on human misdemeanours. Further examples of literalism are quoted from America’s fundamentalist right.• He points out that some of the stories reveal the lack of respect accorded to women in this religious culture.
Before we consider each of Dawkins’ points in turn, let us put the Old Testament in its context. C S Lewis describes the Old Testament as the period in history when God tried to hammer into one particular people (the Jews) the nature of his character, that is, that he was the One and only God and that he cared about Right Behaviour. This is the context in which the Old Testament should be evaluated.
Many people argue that we see a different God in the Old and New Testaments. This is not the case. We may see a different side of God in each case but his nature is entirely consistent across the entire Bible. For example, the loving, compassionate God of the New Testament is equally present in the Old Testament. Let us be clear about this because Dawkins’ pernicious portrayal of Yahweh is contradicted in many places. For example, Exodus 34:
„The Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness, maintaining love to thousands, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin.”
This is an unequivocal description of the God of the Old Testament. There is no doubting his goodness, but perhaps what is most striking is that, exactly like the New Testament, he is a personal God. This unequivocal description of the nature of God and his personal relationship with man contradicts much of what Dawkins says when he relates tales of wickedness and brutality from the Old Testament. Dawkins also (again) confuses God with Man. Many of the stories that he quotes are simply stories of man’s corruption. Look around at the world today and we see exactly the same stories happening every day, Man abusing his privileged position in the universe. It is a gross mistake to ascribe characteristics to God based on these stories.
Another factor we need to bear in mind is one mentioned by Dawkins, that there are passages in the Bible that are figurative in nature and others that are literal. Christians differ in their opinions as to which are which but whatever each of us believes, it does not change the truth of the existence of God. Contrary to Dawkins’ claim, this does not mean that we can pick and choose what we believe in the Bible. Whether something is literal or figurative does not change its underlying truth. The message is the same.
What about the specific stories of violence taken from the Old Testament and quoted by Dawkins? Let us take one take one of them and see if we can make any sense of it; say the case of Jephthah’s daughter. If God will deliver him victory in battle, Jephthah promises to sacrifice the first person who comes out to meet him upon his return home from the battle. This person turns out to be his daughter and, despite his grief, he fulfils his vow. What does this story tell us?
The most striking thing about this passage is that it is about Jephthah, not about God. God is not said to condone the sacrifice. In fact, the opposite is true. The terrible outcome of Jephthah’s oath merely serves to underline the wrongness of his oath. God does not want spiritual deals; he wants obedience. In fact, Jephthahs’ oath reveals a lack of faith because there was no need for him to make it. God would have delivered the enemy in any event. Some may argue that the tale is figurative, others that Jephthah did not ultimately sacrifice his daughter but, for our purposes, the point is irrelevant. These were simply the actions of a man a long time ago and many men have committed similar acts of folly in the interim. Our job is to take a message from the story; perhaps that we should be careful what we promise in the pursuit of our own ends, particularly when these promises are made to God. God does not want promises for the future but obedience for today.
As for the many other stories related by Dawkins, he takes his usual simplistic six-year-old approach to the Old Testament and, taking them out of context, seeks to apply them to the modern world. Clearly, this is grossly inappropriate. Man’s cultural, social, economic and political development in the intervening period means that we cannot judge events in quite the same way. Again, my advice for those interested would be, not to rely on Dawkins, but to do your own research.
Dawkins’ unreliability in matters of religion is underlined by his comment that, if God were all-powerful, he would not be bothered with human misdeeds.
„By the way, what presumptuous egocentricity to believe that earth-shaking events, on a scale at which a god might operate, must always have a human connection. Why should a divine being, with creation and eternity on his mind, care a fig for petty human malefactions?”
Dawkins fails to grasp even the simplest of Christian principles; that God is a personal God and that his purpose is to enjoy a meaningful relationship with Man. In this context, it is inconceivable that God, in his contemplation of the universe, would not always have Man on his mind. He cares about petty human malefactions because he cares for us. As a parent with a child, he knows that all malefactions, no matter how petty, will hurt us, unless checked.
In support of his argument he quotes like-minded people such as American physicist Steven Weinberg, who says:
„religion is an insult to human dignity. With or without it, you’d have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things it takes religion.”
These are not the words of an impartial observer. Weinberg also said:
„I am all in favour of a dialogue between science and religion, but not a constructive dialogue.”
In case there is any doubt to his own personal agenda, consider his partisan interpretation of the anthropic principle:
„Reasoning like this is called ‘anthropic.’ Sometimes it just amounts to an assertion that the laws of nature are what they are so that we can exist, without further explanation. This seems to me to be little more than mystical mumbo jumbo. On the other hand, if there really is a large number of worlds in which some constants take different values, then the anthropic explanation of why in our world they take values favourable for life is just common sense, like explaining why we live on the earth rather than Mercury or Pluto.”
The anthropic principle, rather than a meaningless tautology, is now just common sense. Only someone starting with a preconceived answer would use the anthropic principle to justify any argument. And what of his claim that religion is an „insult to human dignity”? Oh dear, how we elevate ourselves. If there is any „presumptuous egocentricity”, then it is not to be found in religion but in the posturings of such as Weinberg and Dawkins.
Furthermore, I take issue with his statement hat it „takes religion for good people to do evil”. In what name did we fire-bomb the cities of Germany, slaughtering and maiming millions? In what name did we drop the second atomic bomb on Japan, achieving the same? In what name did we napalm the jungles of Vietnam, ditto? The list goes on. For good people to do evil things, it takes religion? Wishful thinking on Weinberg’s part, I am afraid.
Finally, women! Dawkins claims that some of the stories he quotes from the Old Testament reveal the lack of respect accorded to women in this religious culture. This is probably true but it would be more accurate to describe the culture to which this relates as historical rather than religious. I cannot answer for any other religion, but there is no question that Christianity dictates that men and women are born equal and should be treated so.
In conclusion, Dawkins stresses that his main purpose in this section has been to demonstrate not that we shouldn’t get our morals from scripture, but that, in fact, we don’t. To my mind, he has not demonstrated this at all. He shows a lack of basic understanding of the subject he claims to be investigating and has clearly done little genuine research. Furthermore, most of his argument is of the diatribe variety and superficial in nature.
His argument also suffers from the weakness of his own position with regards to the principle of morality. As we have seen before, his view of morality is that it is an evolutionary construct, whether as by-product or otherwise. Therefore, to Dawkins, morality is a word used to describe a behavioural consensus and has no relevance to any standard of goodness; indeed, this standard does not exist. As such, his argument is that morality, as most people understand it, does not exist. We are not good or bad people, we simply act in a particular way consistent with our evolutionary heritage. If circumstances change, and it becomes necessary for us to act in what many would consider an immoral fashion, then so be it. Given this view of morality, how can take his pontifications seriously?
As for relevance to the everyday world, I dare anyone to read Ecclesiastes and not recognise its timeless currency:
„If you see the poor oppressed in a district, and justice and rights denied, do not be surprised at such things: for one official is eyed by a higher one, and over them both are others higher still. The increase in the land is taken by all; the King himself profits from the fields.
Whoever loves money never has money enough;Whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with his income.This too is meaningless.
As goods increase,so do those who consume them.And what benefit are they to the ownerexcept to feast his eyes on them?
The sleep of a labourer is sweet,whether he eats little or much,but the abundance of a rich manpermits him no sleep.
I have seen a grievous evil under the sun:
Wealth hoarded to the harm of its owner,or wealth lost through some misfortuneso that when he has a son,there is nothing left for him.Naked a man comes from his mother’s wombAnd as he comes, so he departs.He takes nothing from his labourthat he can carry in his hand.
This too is a grievous evil:
As a man comes, so he departs,and what does he gain,since he toils for the wind?All his days he eats in darkness,With great frustration, affliction and anger.
Then I realised that it is good and proper for a man to eat and drink, and to find satisfaction in his toilsome labour under the sun during the few days of life God has given him – for this is his lot. Moreover, when God gives any man wealth and possessions, and enables him to enjoy them, to accept his lot and be happy in his work – this is a gift of God. He seldom reflects on the days of his life, because God keeps him occupied with gladness of heart.”
(Ecclesiastes 5:8-20)
Dawkins ends the section with the conclusion that the values of the Old Testament are „pretty unpleasant”. This seems to me something of a simplistic conclusion, particularly as Dawkins’ assessment of the text is practically non-existent. He now turns to the New Testament and asks the question; is it any better?
Dawkins devotes a section in The God Delusion to the Old Testament. However, there is little objective konta bankowe analysis and his musings are primarily a journey through a number of violent tales, including:
• The tale of Noah – God drowns the whole of mankind except one family and countless animals.• The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah – Lot offers his two daughters to the mob in Sodom rather than hand over two angels. Lot’s wife subsequently died (killed by God for turning around to watch the destruction of the city) and his two daughters who later slept with their father whilst he was drunk.• The story of the Levite – a Levite gives over his daughter to a mob to be sexually assaulted.• Various stories about Abraham – Abraham twice pretends his wife is his sister. Worse, he is prepared to sacrifice his son to God on God’s say-so.• Jephthah’s daughter – If God will deliver him victory in battle, Jephthah promises to sacrifice the first person who comes out to meet him upon his return home from the battle. This person turns out to be his daughter and, despite his grief, he fulfils his vow.• The slaughter of the Midianites – God incited Moses to attack and destroy the Midianites.• The many examples of God’s jealousy – God frequently warns the Israelites against worshipping false gods.• The book of Joshua – this includes a mass of bloodthirsty violence.• The story of wood-gatherer – a man is stoned for deliberately breaking the Sabbath.
Interspersed with these examples of brutality, Dawkins makes the following points:
• Theologians argue that much of the Bible is not taken literally any more. This says Dawkins is his point; we pick and choose what we want, therefore this is not an absolute morality.• Despite this, many people continue to take the Bible literally. Many Asian holy men blamed the 2004 tsunami on human misdemeanours. Further examples of literalism are quoted from America’s fundamentalist right.• He points out that some of the stories reveal the lack of respect accorded to women in this religious culture.
Before we consider each of Dawkins’ points in turn, let us put the Old Testament in its context. C S Lewis describes the Old Testament as the period in history when God tried to hammer into one particular people (the Jews) the nature of his character, that is, that he was the One and only God and that he cared about Right Behaviour. This is the context in which the Old Testament should be evaluated.
Many people argue that we see a different God in the Old and New Testaments. This is not the case. We may see a different side of God in each case but his nature is entirely consistent across the entire Bible. For example, the loving, compassionate God of the New Testament is equally present in the Old Testament. Let us be clear about this because Dawkins’ pernicious portrayal of Yahweh is contradicted in many places. For example, Exodus 34:
„The Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness, maintaining love to thousands, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin.”
This is an unequivocal description of the God of the Old Testament. There is no doubting his goodness, but perhaps what is most striking is that, exactly like the New Testament, he is a personal God. This unequivocal description of the nature of God and his personal relationship with man contradicts much of what Dawkins says when he relates tales of wickedness and brutality from the Old Testament. Dawkins also (again) confuses God with Man. Many of the stories that he quotes are simply stories of man’s corruption. Look around at the world today and we see exactly the same stories happening every day, Man abusing his privileged position in the universe. It is a gross mistake to ascribe characteristics to God based on these stories.
Another factor we need to bear in mind is one mentioned by Dawkins, that there are passages in the Bible that are figurative in nature and others that are literal. Christians differ in their opinions as to which are which but whatever each of us believes, it does not change the truth of the existence of God. Contrary to Dawkins’ claim, this does not mean that we can pick and choose what we believe in the Bible. Whether something is literal or figurative does not change its underlying truth. The message is the same.
What about the specific stories of violence taken from the Old Testament and quoted by Dawkins? Let us take one take one of them and see if we can make any sense of it; say the case of Jephthah’s daughter. If God will deliver him victory in battle, Jephthah promises to sacrifice the first person who comes out to meet him upon his return home from the battle. This person turns out to be his daughter and, despite his grief, he fulfils his vow. What does this story tell us?
The most striking thing about this passage is that it is about Jephthah, not about God. God is not said to condone the sacrifice. In fact, the opposite is true. The terrible outcome of Jephthah’s oath merely serves to underline the wrongness of his oath. God does not want spiritual deals; he wants obedience. In fact, Jephthahs’ oath reveals a lack of faith because there was no need for him to make it. God would have delivered the enemy in any event. Some may argue that the tale is figurative, others that Jephthah did not ultimately sacrifice his daughter but, for our purposes, the point is irrelevant. These were simply the actions of a man a long time ago and many men have committed similar acts of folly in the interim. Our job is to take a message from the story; perhaps that we should be careful what we promise in the pursuit of our own ends, particularly when these promises are made to God. God does not want promises for the future but obedience for today.
As for the many other stories related by Dawkins, he takes his usual simplistic six-year-old approach to the Old Testament and, taking them out of context, seeks to apply them to the modern world. Clearly, this is grossly inappropriate. Man’s cultural, social, economic and political development in the intervening period means that we cannot judge events in quite the same way. Again, my advice for those interested would be, not to rely on Dawkins, but to do your own research.
Dawkins’ unreliability in matters of religion is underlined by his comment that, if God were all-powerful, he would not be bothered with human misdeeds.
„By the way, what presumptuous egocentricity to believe that earth-shaking events, on a scale at which a god might operate, must always have a human connection. Why should a divine being, with creation and eternity on his mind, care a fig for petty human malefactions?”
Dawkins fails to grasp even the simplest of Christian principles; that God is a personal God and that his purpose is to enjoy a meaningful relationship with Man. In this context, it is inconceivable that God, in his contemplation of the universe, would not always have Man on his mind. He cares about petty human malefactions because he cares for us. As a parent with a child, he knows that all malefactions, no matter how petty, will hurt us, unless checked.
In support of his argument he quotes like-minded people such as American physicist Steven Weinberg, who says:
„religion is an insult to human dignity. With or without it, you’d have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things it takes religion.”
These are not the words of an impartial observer. Weinberg also said:
„I am all in favour of a dialogue between science and religion, but not a constructive dialogue.”
In case there is any doubt to his own personal agenda, consider his partisan interpretation of the anthropic principle:
„Reasoning like this is called ‘anthropic.’ Sometimes it just amounts to an assertion that the laws of nature are what they are so that we can exist, without further explanation. This seems to me to be little more than mystical mumbo jumbo. On the other hand, if there really is a large number of worlds in which some constants take different values, then the anthropic explanation of why in our world they take values favourable for life is just common sense, like explaining why we live on the earth rather than Mercury or Pluto.”
The anthropic principle, rather than a meaningless tautology, is now just common sense. Only someone starting with a preconceived answer would use the anthropic principle to justify any argument. And what of his claim that religion is an „insult to human dignity”? Oh dear, how we elevate ourselves. If there is any „presumptuous egocentricity”, then it is not to be found in religion but in the posturings of such as Weinberg and Dawkins.
Furthermore, I take issue with his statement hat it „takes religion for good people to do evil”. In what name did we fire-bomb the cities of Germany, slaughtering and maiming millions? In what name did we drop the second atomic bomb on Japan, achieving the same? In what name did we napalm the jungles of Vietnam, ditto? The list goes on. For good people to do evil things, it takes religion? Wishful thinking on Weinberg’s part, I am afraid.
Finally, women! Dawkins claims that some of the stories he quotes from the Old Testament reveal the lack of respect accorded to women in this religious culture. This is probably true but it would be more accurate to describe the culture to which this relates as historical rather than religious. I cannot answer for any other religion, but there is no question that Christianity dictates that men and women are born equal and should be treated so.
In conclusion, Dawkins stresses that his main purpose in this section has been to demonstrate not that we shouldn’t get our morals from scripture, but that, in fact, we don’t. To my mind, he has not demonstrated this at all. He shows a lack of basic understanding of the subject he claims to be investigating and has clearly done little genuine research. Furthermore, most of his argument is of the diatribe variety and superficial in nature.
His argument also suffers from the weakness of his own position with regards to the principle of morality. As we have seen before, his view of morality is that it is an evolutionary construct, whether as by-product or otherwise. Therefore, to Dawkins, morality is a word used to describe a behavioural consensus and has no relevance to any standard of goodness; indeed, this standard does not exist. As such, his argument is that morality, as most people understand it, does not exist. We are not good or bad people, we simply act in a particular way consistent with our evolutionary heritage. If circumstances change, and it becomes necessary for us to act in what many would consider an immoral fashion, then so be it. Given this view of morality, how can take his pontifications seriously?
As for relevance to the everyday world, I dare anyone to read Ecclesiastes and not recognise its timeless currency:
„If you see the poor oppressed in a district, and justice and rights denied, do not be surprised at such things: for one official is eyed by a higher one, and over them both are others higher still. The increase in the land is taken by all; the King himself profits from the fields.
Whoever loves money never has money enough;Whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with his income.This too is meaningless.
As goods increase,so do those who consume them.And what benefit are they to the ownerexcept to feast his eyes on them?
The sleep of a labourer is sweet,whether he eats little or much,but the abundance of a rich manpermits him no sleep.
I have seen a grievous evil under the sun:
Wealth hoarded to the harm of its owner,or wealth lost through some misfortuneso that when he has a son,there is nothing left for him.Naked a man comes from his mother’s wombAnd as he comes, so he departs.He takes nothing from his labourthat he can carry in his hand.
This too is a grievous evil:
As a man comes, so he departs,and what does he gain,since he toils for the wind?All his days he eats in darkness,With great frustration, affliction and anger.
Then I realised that it is good and proper for a man to eat and drink, and to find satisfaction in his toilsome labour under the sun during the few days of life God has given him – for this is his lot. Moreover, when God gives any man wealth and possessions, and enables him to enjoy them, to accept his lot and be happy in his work – this is a gift of God. He seldom reflects on the days of his life, because God keeps him occupied with gladness of heart.”
(Ecclesiastes 5:8-20)
Dawkins ends the section with the conclusion that the values of the Old Testament are „pretty unpleasant”. This seems to me something of a simplistic conclusion, particularly as Dawkins’ assessment of the text is practically non-existent. He now turns to the New Testament and asks the question; is it any better?

Grand Canyon Parashant Canyon National Monument is not as well known as its bigger sister next door. On January 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton established the 1.1-million-acre Monument. This vast monument protects much of the Shivwits Plateau. The Shivwits is ecologically unique because it’s where the Sonoran, Great Basin, and Mojave Deserts intersect. This region is a wildlife habitat for several endangered or threatened species. California condors, desert tortoises, willow flycatchers, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope call this area home.
This is a very remote and undeveloped Monument. Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument is located in northwest Arizona, bordered by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon National Park to the south and east, Nevada and Lake Mead to the west. Many people fly into Las Vegas as a Hub, and plan their visit from there.
The Monument information center is located in the lobby of the BLM Office in St. George, Utah. The address is 345 E. Riverside Drive, St. George, Utah, 84790. There you will find maps, field guides, books, and other items. Staff members are available to answer questions and provide safety information.
If you decide to add this to your adventure tours, here is the mileage from closest major cities: To Saint George from Las Vegas 118 miles, 190 km, From Phoenix 435 miles, 700 km, From Denver 631 miles, 1015 km.
There are only two semi-maintained trails in the Monument – Mt. Trumbull and Mt. Dellenbaugh. All other hiking is on unmarked routes or requires bushwhacking through dense brush or rugged terrain. Grand Canyon Parashant provides a sense of solitude to those who trek into its isolated areas. Located on the edge of the Grand Canyon, the Monument’s expansive landscape showcases both natural and cultural history.
Of the points of interest in the Monument, here are the ones that the Bureau of Land Management point out:
o Virgin River Gorge Campground
o Condor Release Viewing Site
o Pakoon Springs
o Mt Trumbull Schoolhouse
o Sawmill Historic Site
o Witch’s Point
o Uinkaret Pueblo
o Nampaweap Petroglyph Site
o Tuweep Ranger Station
o Toroweap Campground
o Toroweap Overlook
o Tassi Spring
o Pearce Ferry Campground
o Pearce Ferry
To travel here, you must use caution, as it is off the beaten track. You must have the appropriate maps to find your way to and around the Monument. There are entry roads from Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Plan your entrance point by your travel route. There are no paved roads or visitor services within the Monument’s million-plus acres, so visitors need to be prepared by traveling with an appropriate high-clearance vehicle equipped with two full-sized spare tires. Some content provided by The National Park Service and AZ BLM.
Grand Canyon Parashant Canyon National Monument is not as well known as its bigger sister next door. On January 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton established the 1.1-million-acre Monument. This vast monument protects much of the Shivwits Plateau. The Shivwits is ecologically unique because it’s where the Sonoran, Great Basin, and Mojave Deserts intersect. This region is a wildlife habitat for several endangered or threatened species. California condors, desert tortoises, willow flycatchers, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope call this area home.
This is sex spotkania a very remote and undeveloped Monument. Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument is located in northwest Arizona, bordered by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon National Park to the south and east, Nevada and Lake Mead to the west. Many people fly into Las Vegas as a Hub, and plan their visit from there.
The Monument information center is located in the lobby of the BLM Office in St. George, Utah. The address is 345 E. Riverside Drive, St. George, Utah, 84790. There you will find maps, field guides, books, and other items. Staff members are available to answer questions and provide safety information.
If you decide to add this to your adventure tours, here is the mileage from closest major cities: To Saint George from Las Vegas 118 miles, 190 km, From Phoenix 435 miles, 700 km, From Denver 631 miles, 1015 km.
There are only two semi-maintained trails in the Monument – Mt. Trumbull and Mt. Dellenbaugh. All other hiking is on unmarked routes or requires bushwhacking through dense brush or rugged terrain. Grand Canyon Parashant provides a sense of solitude to those who trek into its isolated areas. Located on the edge of the Grand Canyon, the Monument’s expansive landscape showcases both natural and cultural history.
Of the points of interest in the Monument, here are the ones that the Bureau of Land Management point out:
o Virgin River Gorge Campground
o Condor Release Viewing Site
o Pakoon Springs
o Mt Trumbull Schoolhouse
o Sawmill Historic Site
o Witch’s Point
o Uinkaret Pueblo
o Nampaweap Petroglyph Site
o Tuweep Ranger Station
o Toroweap Campground
o Toroweap Overlook
o Tassi Spring
o Pearce Ferry Campground
o Pearce Ferry
To travel here, you must use caution, as it is off the beaten track. You must have the appropriate maps to find your way to and around the Monument. There are entry roads from Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Plan your entrance point by your travel route. There are no paved roads or visitor services within the Monument’s million-plus acres, so visitors need to be prepared by traveling with an appropriate high-clearance vehicle equipped with two full-sized spare tires. Some content provided by The National Park Service and AZ BLM.